Associations of cholecystectomy with the risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Cholecystectomy is a standard surgery for patients suffering from gallbladder diseases, while the causal effects of cholecystectomy on colorectal cancer (CRC) and other complications are still unknown.@*METHODS@#We obtained genetic variants associated with cholecystectomy at a genome-wide significant level ( P value <5 × 10 -8 ) as instrumental variables (IVs) and performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to identify the complications of cholecystectomy. Furthermore, the cholelithiasis was also treated as the exposure to compare its causal effects to those of cholecystectomy, and multivariable MR analysis was carried out to judge whether the effect of cholecystectomy was independent of cholelithiasis. The study was reported based on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Using Mendelian Randomization guidelines.@*RESULTS@#The selected IVs explained 1.76% variance of cholecystectomy. Our MR analysis suggested that cholecystectomy cannot elevate the risk of CRC (odds ratio [OR] =1.543, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.607-3.924). Also, it was not significant in either colon or rectum cancer. Intriguingly, cholecystectomy might decrease the risk of Crohn's disease (OR = 0.078, 95% CI: 0.016-0.368) and coronary heart disease (OR = 0.352, 95% CI: 0.164-0.756). However, it might increase the risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (OR = 7.573, 95% CI: 1.096-52.318). Cholelithiasis could increase the risk of CRC in the largest population (OR = 1.041, 95% CI: 1.010-1.073). The multivariable MR analysis suggested that genetic liability to cholelithiasis could increase the risk of CRC in the largest population (OR = 1.061, 95% CI: 1.002-1.125) after adjustment of cholecystectomy.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The study indicated that cholecystectomy might not increase the risk of CRC, but such a conclusion needs further proving by clinical equivalence. Additionally, it might increase the risk of IBS, which should be paid attention to in clinical practice.

Calidad de vida posterior a reconstrucción de vía biliar / Quality of life of patients who underwent a bile duct reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Bile duct reconstruction (BDR) secondary to bile duct injury during cholecystectomy (BDIC) is a complex surgery, and an important issue is the quality of life (QL) after the procedure. AIM: To compare the QL of a cohort of patients who underwent BDR due to BDIC with a cohort of patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without incidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cohort was composed of 32 patients aged 47 ± 18 years (78% women) who underwent BDR due to BDIC. For purposes of comparison, a cohort of patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without incident was chosen. These cohorts were paired 1:1 by age (± 1 year), gender and type of surgery. The SF-36 quality of life survey was applied in person or by telephone. The score was calculated as proposed by the RAND group. RESULTS: The cohort of BDR patients was comprised of 32 patients, with an average age of 47 ± 17.6 years, with a predominance of women (78%). The mean number of hospitalization days among BDR patients was 20 ± 11.8. The average follow-up was 7 ± 5 years. The mean score of patients undergoing RVB or cholecystectomy without complications was evaluated, without finding differences in the score of the different domains of the SF-36 scale. Conclusions: In the present study no significant differences were found in QL between the patients with BDIC who underwent BDR and patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without complications.

Cómo evitar la lesión de vía biliar en colecistectomía laparoscópica: más allá de la visión crítica de seguridad / How to avoid bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: beyond the critical safety view

Resumen La colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL) es el estándar de tratamiento para la patología benigna como la colelitiasis y los pólipos de la vesícula biliar y es uno de los procedimientos más frecuentes de la cirugía general. Esta intervención tiene un riesgo de 0,1%-0,3% de causar una lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar (LQVB). En la actualidad, existen programas de sociedades científicas, estrategias de abordaje y tecnologías que nos permiten reducir las LQVB mejorando la seguridad clínica de este procedimiento. El objetivo de este documento es realizar una revisión de las estrategias, tecnologías y maniobras para realizar una CL segura más allá de la visión crítica de seguridad.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard of treatment for benign pathologies such as cholelithiasis and gallbladder polyps. The LC is one of the most frequent procedures in general surgery, with a 0.1%-0.3% associated risk of bile duct injury. Currently, scientific society programs, surgical strategies, and new technologies allow us to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries and to increase the clinical safety of this procedure. This document aims to review the strategies, technologies, and tactics to carry out a safe LC beyond the critical vision of security.

Asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y las complicaciones postoperatorias de la colecistectomía / Association between socioeconomic factors and postoperative complications of cholecystectomy

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si los factores socioeconómicos inciden en las complicaciones posoperatorias de la colecistectomía. Para ello, se definió realizar un estudio de tipo observacional, analítico y enfoque cuantitativo, en 100 pacientes en los que se les realizó colecistectomía. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística en el que se incorporaron como variables, factores de riesgo, características socioeconómicas, junto con una variable de control. Se aplicaron tres modelos con variables dependientes alternativas que están delimitadas por el tipo de complicación posoperatoria registrado. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que las mujeres manifiestan un mayor riesgo de presentar complicaciones posteriores a la colecistectomía, igual ocurre en los pacientes de mayor edad. Asimismo el riesgo es mucho menor en las personas con niveles de educación superior y en los pacientes en los que se realizó colecistectomía laparoscópica, alcanzando solo un 5% de riesgo de presentar complicaciones. Las complicaciones posoperatorias luego de la colecistectomía se minimizan al emplear la técnica laparoscópica y los factores socioeconómicos incidirían en el riesgo de padecer complicaciones posoperatorias luego de dicha cirugía, lo que la convierte a la colecistectomía laparoscópica en una operación segura y con muchos otros beneficios y ventajas sobre la cirugía tradicional o convencional.

The article ́s goal isto determine if socioeconomic factors influence the postoperative complications of cholecystectomy. For this, the observational study was defined, analytical and quantitative study was conducted in 100 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. A logistic regression model was applied in which risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, along with a control variable, were incorporated as variables. Three models were run with alternative dependent variables that are delimited by the type of postoperative complication recorded. The results found showed that women show a higher risk of presenting complications after cholecystectomy, the same occurs in older patients. Likewise, the risk is much lower in people with higher education levels and in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, they only have a 5% risk of presenting complications. Postoperative complications after cholecystectomy are minimized by using the laparoscopic technique and socioeconomic factors would influence the risk of suffering postoperative complications after said surgery, which makes laparoscopic cholecystectomy a safe operation with many other benefits and advantages over traditional or conventional surgery.

During which period should we avoid cholecystectomy in patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? / Durante qual período devemos evitar a colecistectomia em pacientes que realizaram colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica?

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the period during which we should avoid cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Methods: A retrospective analysis of electronic medical charts of 532 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, between March 2013 and December 2017. Results: Approximately one-third of patients underwent the procedure between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The conversion rate was 3.8%. The need for abdominal drainage and the finding of biliary tract injury after surgery were observed in 15.1% and 1.9% of patients, respectively. The length of stay was significantly shorter among patients undergoing surgery more than 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. These patients had a median length of stay of one day, whereas the median length of stay in the group undergoing the procedure between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 2 days. Conclusion: The period during which we should avoid cholecystectomy is between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o período durante o qual devemos evitar a colecistectomia após a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica. Métodos: Foi realizada análise retrospectiva dos prontuários eletrônicos de 532 pacientes submetidos à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica, no período de março de 2013 a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Cerca de um terço dos pacientes realizaram o procedimento entre 4 e 30 dias após a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica. A frequência de conversão do procedimento foi de 3,8%. A necessidade de dreno abdominal e o achado de lesão de via biliar após a cirurgia atingiram 15,1% e 1,9% dos pacientes, respectivamente. O tempo de internação foi significativamente menor entre os pacientes com tempo de colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica superior a 30 dias. Estes pacientes apresentaram, em mediana, um dia de internação hospitalar, enquanto o tempo mediano de internação no grupo que realizou o procedimento entre 4 e 30 dias foi de 2 dias. Conclusão: O período durante o qual devemos evitar realizar a colecistectomia após a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica é do 4° ao 30° dia.

Ictericia obstructiva por neuroma de amputación de vía biliar: Reporte de caso / Obstructive ictericia by neuroma of amputation of via biliar: Case report

Los neuromas del conducto biliar se desarrollan a partir de las fibras nerviosas simpáticas y parasimpáticas que envuelven la pared de la vía biliar. Mujer de 44 años de edad con antecedente de colecistectomía convencional seis meses previos al ingreso acude a emergencia por ictericia obstructiva de 15 días de evolución. En los estudios de imagen impresiona la presencia de una masa a nivel de las vías biliares considerándose el diagnostico de una neoplasia maligna. Por los antecedentes, ausencia de marcadores tumorales se decide realizar una biopsia percutánea sin resultados concluyente, realizándose posteriormente una intervención quirúrgica con estudio anatomo-patológico compatible con neuroma de amputación de vía biliar. El neuroma de amputación a nivel de la vía biliar es un tumor infrecuente. Puede manifestarse clínicamente como una ictericia obstructiva y suele simular a un tumor maligno de las vías biliares. El manejo quirúrgico es el tratamiento definitivo.

Neuromas of the bile duct develop from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers that surround the wall of the bile duct. A 44-year-old woman with a history of conventional cholecystectomy six months prior to hospital admission attended emergency due to obstructive jaundice that lasted 15 days. In the imaging studies, the presence of a mass at the level of the bile ducts is considered, considering the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm. Due to the antecedents, the absence of tumor markers, it was decided to perform a percutaneous biopsy without conclusive results, performing later a surgical intervention with anatomopathological study compatible with neuroma of biliary tract amputation. The amputation neuroma at the level of the bile duct is an infrequent tumor. It can manifest clinically as obstructive jaundice and usually simulates a malignant tumor of the bile ducts. Surgical management is the definitive treatment.

Colecistectomizados, litiasis vesicular y ácidos biliares totales elevados en heces como factores de riesgo para lesiones colónicas / Cholecystectomized patients, vesicular lithiasis and elevated total bile acids in faces as risk factors for colon lesions

Introducción: Evidencias científicas avalan que niveles elevados de ácidos biliares en la luz intestinal se asocian con lesiones inflamatorias, premalignas y malignas de colon. Objetivo: Argumentar científicamente la condición de niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, litiasis vesicular y colecistectomizado como factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Método: Se realizó una investigación analítica en el Instituto de Gastroenterología y el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde 2002 hasta 2015. En el estudio se incluyeron adultos con sintomas digestivos bajos. Se desarrollaron dos momentos: la determinación del riesgo relativo de la presencia de lesiones colónicas diagnosticadas por endoscopía y la identificación por histología. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos como la prueba chi cuadrado de Pearson, determinación del riesgo relativo, regresión logística, entre otros. Resultados: Se observó mayor probabilidad de presentar algún diagnóstico endoscópico e histológico positivo para todas las edades y sexo, en pacientes con niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces y los colecistectomizados. Los riesgos relativos comunes y más altos se relacionaron con adenomas tubulares de alto grado de displasia y tubulovellosos. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron pólipos y adenomas. Conclusiones: Los resultados avalan que los niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, la litiasis vesicular y estar colecistectomizado, constituyen factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Se recomienda incluir estas tres condiciones de riesgo en los programas de pesquisa para el cáncer colorrectal(AU)

Introduction: Scientific evidence supports that elevated levels of bile acids in the intestinal lumen are associated with inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon. Objective: To scientifically support the condition of elevated levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular and cholecystectomized lithiasis as risk factors for colonic lesions. Method: An analytical research was carried out in the Gastroenterology Institute and the National Center for Minimally-Invasive Surgery, from 2002 to 2015. The study included adults with low digestive symptoms. Two moments were developed: the determination of the relative risk for the presence of colonic lesions diagnosed by endoscopy and the identification by histologic study. Statistical methods were used, such as the Pearson chi-square test, the relative risk determination, logistic regression, among others. Results: Higher probability was observed for all ages and sexes to present a positive endoscopic and histological diagnosis, in patients with high levels of total bile acids in feces and in cholecystectomized patients. The common and higher relative risks were related to tubular adenomas of high degree of dysplasia and tubulovillous. The most frequent diagnoses were polyps and adenomas. Conclusions: The results support that high levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular lithiasis and being cholecystectomized constitute risk factors for colonic lesions. These three risk conditions are recommended to be included in screening programs for colorectal cancer(AU)

Transplante hepático no tratamento de lesão iatrogênica de via biliar após colecistectomia: um estudo em centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil / Liver transplantation for treatment of biliary iatrogenic injury after cholecistectomy: a study in reference center in the Northeast of Brazil

Introdução: a lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é uma grave complicação cirúrgica que pode ocorrer durante a realização de colecistectomia. Os pacientes portadores desse tipo de lesão podem evoluir com cirrose biliar secundária a despeito de múltiplos tratamentos cirúrgicos, sendo necessário o transplante hepático como a última opção para tratamento. Objetivo: analisar o perfil dos pacientes em um centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Métodos: foram analisados retrospectivamente 730 prontuários na Unidade de Transplante de Fígado do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, no período de 2001 até 2015, e selecionados os oito pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Resultados: a idade variou entre 26 e 61 anos, sendo seis indivíduos do sexo feminino. A cirurgia inicial foi a colecistectomia aberta em sete casos e videolaparoscópia em um caso. Em uma oportunidade, a lesão foi identificada durante a colecistectomia. Os sintomas se assemelharam com os descritos na literatura, incluindo colangite de repetição. Quatro pacientes eram portadores de lesão E2 e três de lesão tipo E3 de Strasberg. Seis pacientes já haviam sido submetidos a abordagens cirúrgicas prévias e o tempo entre a lesão inicial e o transplante variou entre três (3) e vinte e seis anos (26). Todos os pacientes eram portadores de Cirrose Biliar Secundária e o tempo na lista de espera para transplante variou entre 111 e 1123 dias. O MELD teve uma média de 16. O transplante foi realizado por técnica convencional em seis casos e Piggyback em dois, sendo a reconstrução por hepaticojejunostomia realizada em todos. Um paciente necessitou de retransplante, evoluindo a óbito. Conclusão: transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é mais comum naqueles pacientes que demoraram a ser encaminhados para centro de referência e que foram submetidos a múltiplos procedimentos prévios.

Background: iatrogenic bile duct injury is a serious surgical complication that may occur during cholecystectomy.Patients with this type of lesion may develop secondary biliary cirrhosis, despite multiple surgical treatments, requiring liver transplantation as the last measure. Aim: analyze the patients submitted to hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury in a referral center in the Northeast of Brazil. Results: the age ranged from 26 to 61 years, with six females. The initial surgery was open cholecystectomy in seven cases and videolaparoscopic in one case. In one patient the lesion was identified during cholecystectomy. The symptoms resembled those described in the literature, including recurrent cholangitis. Four patients had E2 lesions and three E3 lesions from Strasberg. Six patients had undergone previous surgical approaches and the time between initial injury and transplantation ranged from three to twenty-six years. All patients had secondary Biliary Cirrhosis and the time on the transplant waiting list varied between 111 and 1123 days. The MELD had an average of 16. The transplantation was performed by conventional technique in six cases and Piggyback in two, and reconstruction by hepaticojejunostomy performed in all. One patient needed a re-transplant and the same patient died one year later. Conclusion: hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury is more common in those patients who were delayed to be referred to a referral center and who underwent multiple previous surgical procedures.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar poscolecistectomía / Surgical treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injury post cholecystectomy

Introducción: Las lesiones de la vía biliar (LVB) iatrogénicas durante una colecistectomía constituyen una complicación grave, con una significativa morbimortalidad. El objetivo del estudio es analizar los resultados de la reparación de las LVB poscolecistectomía realizadas entre los años 2000 y 2015. Métodos: Estudio de serie de casos. Se consignaron en una base de datos: variables demográficas, el centro donde se realizó la colecistectomía, la vía de reparación, el tipo de LVB, el tipo de reparación efectuada, las complicaciones postoperatorias, la mortalidad operatoria y la sobrevida. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Resultados: Se estudiaron 36 pacientes, de los cuales 33 (92%) fueron mujeres; la edad promedio fue de 48,5 ± 14 años. La colecistectomía que originó la iatrogenia fue laparoscópica en 24 (67%) casos. La LVB fue identificada en el intraoperatorio en 9 pacientes (25%). La LVB más frecuente se localizó a menos de 2cm de la confluencia (Bismuth-Strasberg tipo E2) en 14 (39%) pacientes. La derivación biliodigestiva con asa en Y de Roux fue la técnica más utilizada en la reparación de las LVB en 26 (72%) casos. A largo plazo, se observó una estenosis en 7 (19%) pacientes, con necesidad de una nueva reparación. Hubo mortalidad operatoria de un paciente (3%). Conclusiones: Las LVB poscolecistectomía fueron satisfactoriamente reparadas preferentemente con una derivación biliodigestiva con Y de Roux en nuestro centro.

Abstract Introduction: Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDI) during a cholecystectomy are a serious complication with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze the results BDI's repair post cholecystectomy which was performed between the years 2000-2015. Methods: Case series study. Demographic variables, the center where the cholecystectomy was performed, repair pathway, the type of bile duct injury, the type of reparation performed, postoperative complications, operative mortality and survival were entered in a database. For statistical analysis, software SPSS 22 was used. Results: Thirty-six patients were studied; 33 (92%) were women; mean age 48.5 ± 14 years. The Cholecystectomy that originated the iatrogenia was laparoscopic in 24 (67%) cases. BDI was identified intraoperatively in 9 patients (25%). The most common BDI was located less than 2 cm to confluence (Bismuth-Strasberg type E2) in 14 (39%) patients. The biliodigestive Roux-Y bypass was the most used technique in the repair of the BDI in 26 (72%) cases. In the long term, stenosis was observed in 7 (19%) patients with the need of a new repair. Operative mortality of 1 patient (3%). Conclusions: BDI post cholecystectomy were successfully repaired preferably with a biliodigestive Roux-Y bypass in our center.

Factores predictivos de colecistitis aguda gangrenosa / Predictive factors of acute gangrenous cholecystitis

Introducción: La colecistitis aguda gangrenosa (CAG) es una complicación severa de la colecistitis aguda, afectando entre el 2 y 20% de las mismas. En la actualidad no hay disponibles guías definidas para detectar estos casos y definir su conducta quirúrgica con rapidez. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al estudio de los factores predictivos de la CAG para identificar los pacientes que requieren cirugía de urgencia. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva de pacientes que fueron sometidos a colecistectomía con diagnóstico preoperatorio de colecistitis aguda en el Nuevo Hospital San Roque, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2012. El Nuevo Hospital San Roque es un centro público de atención de tercer nivel al que acceden de forma gratuita los habitantes de la Ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) y alrededores que no cuentan con cobertura de salud privada. Los factores de riesgo preoperatorios evaluados incluyeron sexo, edad, diabetes, obesidad, vómitos, fiebre, recuento de glóbulos blancos, eritrosedimentación, enzimas hepáticas, amilasa y hallazgos ecográficos como diámetro de la pared vesicular y líquido perivesicular. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos de acuerdo con el diagnóstico anatomopatológico: el grupo 1 incluyó pacientes con CAG y el grupo 2, pacientes con colecistitis aguda no gangrenosa. Resultados: De un total de 183 pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía, 101 (55,1%) presentaron CAG. El análisis multivariado determinó que en nuestro grupo de estudio la razón de probabilidades de CAG asociadas a las variables fiebre, diabetes, y sexo masculino son mayores de 2 y estadísticamente significativas. Asimismo, la razón de probabilidades de CAG aumenta con el nivel de glóbulos blancos y eritrosedimentación. Conclusión: Las variables fiebre, diabetes, sexo masculino, glóbulos blancos, y eritrosedimentación pueden ser consideradas factores predictivos independientes en nuestro caso de estudio.

Introduction: Acute gangrenous cholecystitis (AGC) is a severe complication of acute cholecystitis affecting between 2 and 20% of them. To date, there are no defined guidelines available to triage high-risk surgical patients. Our objective is to contribute to the literature studying predictive factors of AGC aimed at identifying patients who require emergency surgery. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective search of patients who underwent cholecystectomies with preoperative diagnosis of acute cholecystitis at Nuevo Hospital San Roque between January 2011 and December 2012. Nuevo Hospital San Roque is a public hospital in Argentina that provides health services to non-privately insured residents of the Cordoba metropolitan area. The resulting sample was used to perform a multivariate analysis encompassing the following preoperative risk factors: gender, age, diabetes, obesity, vomiting, fever, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver enzymes, amylase and sonographic findings like diameter of gallbladder wall and perivesicular liquid. Patients were divided into two groups according to pathological diagnosis: group 1 included patients with acute AGC and group 2 with no gangrenous acute cholecystitis. Results: One hundred and one patients presented AGC out of a total of 183 patients analyzed. Our multivariate analysis determined that the odds ratio of CAG associated with the variables fever, diabetes, and male gender are greater than 2 and statistically significant. Likewise, the odds ratio of CAG is increasing in the level of white blood cells and in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion: We found that fever, diabetes, male gender, white blood cells, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be considered independent predictors in our sample.

Evaluation of systemic inflammatory responses in cholecystectomy by means of access. Single-port umbilical incision, transvaginal NOTES, laparoscopy and laparotomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare clinical and inflammatory responses to the surgical trauma caused by cholecystectomy via several access approaches: single-port umbilical incision (SILS), transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), laparoscopy, and Laparotomy.METHODS: Twenty-eight female pigs were equally divided into four groups and submitted to cholecystectomy by single-port umbilical incision, transvaginal NOTES, laparoscopy, or Laparotomy. An additional five animals served as controls (sham group). Animals were monitored perioperatively regarding anesthesia and surgical procedure times, as well as for the presence of complications. Postoperatively, they were evaluated regarding time to ambulation and feeding, and the presence of clinical events. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and AQUI feron-gamma (IFN-γ) measurements were performed before surgery and immediately, two days, and seven days after surgery. Animals were sacrificed and necropsied at seven days after surgery.RESULTS: All procedures were successfully performed as proposed in each group. Only minor complications, such as gallbladder perforation and bleeding from the liver bed, were observed during surgery in all groups. The vaginal NOTES group showed higher anesthesia and surgical procedure times compared to the other groups (p<0.001). No other between-group differences in perioperative or postoperative times, clinical evolution, or serum inflammatory markers were observed. Only adhesions were found on necropsy, with no differences between groups.CONCLUSION: The single-port umbilical and transvaginal NOTES access approaches were feasible and safe compared to laparoscopic and laparotomy for cholecystectomy.

Diarrea crónica postcolecistectomía / Chronic diarrhea post cholecistectomy

En el presente artículo se trata sobre la alta frecuencia del antecedente de colecistectomía como factor determinante de diarrea crónica y su control con colestiramina.

In the present article presents the high frequency of previous cholecystectomy as determinant factor of chronic diarrhea and its control with cholestyramine.

Reconstrução cirúrgica da estenose cicatricial de vias biliares pós-colecistectomia / Surgical reconstruction of post-cholecistectomy cicatricial biliary stenosis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uma série de casos de estenose cicatricial de vias biliares pós-colecistectomia submetidos à reconstrução cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de 27 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução cirúrgica da via biliar por estenose cicatricial. O tipo de colecistectomia que resultou na lesão, idade e sexo, sinais e sintomas, o momento do diagnóstico, se precoce ou tardio, presença de cirurgias prévias na tentativa de reconstruir a árvore biliar, classificação das estenoses, e tipo de operação empregada para o tratamento da injúria foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Vinte e seis lesões ocorreram durante laparotomia e uma durante vídeolaparoscopia. Dezesseis pacientes (59%) tiveram as lesões diagnosticadas no transoperatório ou nos primeiros dias de pós-operatório, sete (26%) dos quais já submetidos à reoperação no hospital de origem, evoluindo mal; nove pacientes desse grupo (33%) não tinham reoperação. Onze pacientes (41%) apresentaram a forma clássica de estenose cicatricial, sem acidentes transoperatórios aparentes, com desenvolvimento de obstrução biliar tardia. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à anastomose hepático-jejunal em "Y" de Roux, sendo que em dois casos os ductos hepáticos direito e esquerdo foram implantados separadamente na alça exclusa de jejuno. Vinte e seis pacientes (96,3%) evoluíram bem inicialmente, um paciente teve fístula biliar e foi a óbito. Uma paciente com bom resultado inicial apresentou recidiva da anastomose, cirrose secundária e está aguardando transplante hepático. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das lesões foi diagnosticada durante a colecistectomia ou nos primeiros dias de pós-operatório, sete pacientes já tinham sido operados na tentativa de reconstruir o trato biliar. A hepaticojejunostomia em "Y" de Roux empregada mostrou-se segura e efetiva em recanalizar a via biliar a curto e longo prazos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a series of cases of cicatricial stenosis of the biliary tract after cholecystectomy undergoing surgical reconstruction. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with 27 patients who underwent surgical reconstruction of the biliary tree for cicatricial stenosis. We analyzed the type of cholecystectomy that resulted in injury, age, gender, signs and symptoms, time of diagnosis, early or late, presence of previous surgery in an attempt to reconstruct the biliary tree, classification of stenosis and type of operation used for treatment of the injury. RESULTS: Twenty-six injuries occurred during a laparotomy and one during laparoscopy. Sixteen (59%) lesions were diagnosed intraoperatively or within the first postoperative day, seven (26%) havinh been submitted to reoperation at the local hospital, with poor results; nine patients in this group (33%) had no reoperation. Eleven patients (41%) had the classic form of cicatricial stenosis, without apparent intraoperative accidents and late development of biliary obstruction. All patients underwent Roux-en-Y hepatic-jejunal anastomosis; in two cases the right and left hepatic ducts were implanted separately in the excluded jejunal loop. Twenty-six patients (96.3%) had no early complications; one patient had biliary fistula and died. One patient presented with stenosis recurrence, secondary cirrhosis and is awaiting liver transplantation. CONCLUSION: Most injuries were diagnosed during cholecystectomy within the first postoperative days; seven patients had been reoperated in an attempt to reconstruct the biliary tract. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy proved safe and effective in draining the bile duct in the short and long term.

[Effect of Methocarbamol on postoperative pain following cholecystectomy]

Post pain operative is common and a major complication which lead to numerous dangerous effects in various organs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of methocarbamol on postoperative pain following cholecystectomy. In a randomized, double - blind clinical trail study 60 ASA I, II patient in two group [n=30 in each group] between 30-50 years old and weigh lower of 100kg undergone general anesthesia for cholecystectomy. Elective surgery was selected in Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran during 2008. Both group did not receive premedication and under similar condition of general anesthesia. Interventional group received 500mg Methocarbamol intravenus slowly and the control group received 5ml placebo slowly after operation. The pain score were measured by visual anesthesia scale [VAS] on the 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after operation and if necessitated narcotics [PRN, VAS>4] were prescribed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA, Chi-Square and student's t-tests. There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of age, gender. The mean of score pain was lower for interventional group at 6.24 hours after operation [P<0.05]. But no significant differences was observed at 1, 3 and 12 hours. The prescribe narcotic in interventional group was lower compared to controls [P<0.05]. According to analgesic effects and low prescribe narcotics, it is suggested to use methocarbamol after operative due to analgesic effect

Disfunción del esfínter de Oddi y pancreatitis idiopática / Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) and idiopatic pancreatitis

The sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is a little known entity that typically occurs in post-cholecystectomy patients with abdominal pain with biliary or pancreatic characteristics. It represents an important cause of idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis. Most of the patients referred for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction study have another disease which explain the symptoms, so a careful history and appropriate physical examination often can identify the true source of the pain. The most used grading score is the Milwaukee classification, based on clinical, laboratory, imaging and cholangiographic findings. In the last decade, new and more applicable criteria have been developed, such as Rome III criteria, which do not require functional tests considered complex and not available in non-specialized centers. The sphincter of Oddimanometry is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of this entity, allowing for the determination of which patients will benefit from endoscopic therapy (sphincterotomy). There are some noninvasive diagnostic tests that have failed to show strong correlation to displace the sphincter of Oddi. The treatment of this condition is mainly based on endoscopic sphincterotomy, with variable success rates depending on the type of dysfunction. This article presents a review of the most important aspects related to the sphincter of Oddi and its relationship with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis.

La disfunción del esfínter de Oddi es una entidad poco conocida, que típicamente se presenta en pacientes post-colecistectomía con dolor abdominal de tipo “biliar” o “pancreático”. Representa unaimportante causa de pancreatitis aguda recurrente idiopática. La mayoría de los pacientes derivados para estudio de disfunción del esfínter de Oddi corresponden a otra causa o enfermedad que explica los síntomas, por lo que una cuidadosa historia clínica y un adecuado examen físico, a menudo permiten identificar el verdadero origen del cuadro doloroso. La clasificación más utilizada es la de Milwaukee basada en parámetros clínicos, de laboratorio, imagenológicos y colangiográficos. En la última década, se han elaborado criterios de mayor aplicabilidad clínica como los criterios de Roma III, que no requieren de test funcionales considerados complejos y poco disponibles en centros no especializados. La manometría del esfínter de Oddi es considerado el gold standard en el diagnóstico de esta entidad, permitiendo además, establecer quiénes se beneficiarán con la terapia endoscópica (esfinterotomía). Se han desarrollado una serie de otros métodos diagnósticos no invasivos, que no han logrado demostrar una correlación suficientemente sólida para desplazar a la manometría. El tratamiento de esta condición se basa principalmente en la esfinterotomía endoscópica, con una tasa de éxito variable dependiendo del tipo de disfunción. En el presente artículo se revisarán los aspectos más importantes relacionados con la disfunción del esfínter de Oddi y su relación con pancreatitis recurrente idiopática.

Right hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia following minilaparotomy cholecystectomy: a rare complication

Hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia occurs less frequently as a complication of minilaparotomy cholecystectomy than laparoscopic cholecystectomy; however, given its severe nature, it needs to be managed promptly. This report presents a case of right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia in a 36-year-old woman who underwent minilaparotomy cholecystectomy 5 weeks earlier. Angiography with embolization was carried out as definitive treatment

A necessidade de informação do cliente em pre-operatório de Colecistectomia / Necessities of information of the client in the preoperative / La necesidad de informacion del paciente en preoperatorio

Toda cirurgia traz ao cliente dúvidas e medos sobre o procedimento e suas consequências, e a assistência pré-operatória de enfermagem se mostra fundamental nesse período. Como uma das cirurgias mais realizadas no Brasil e no mundo, a colecistectomia foi eleita neste estudo para que fossem levantadas as necessidades de informações de 20 clientes em pré-operatório, internados na clínica cirúrgica de um hospital público de Goiânia-GO, de junho a setembro de 2008. Os dados referentes às preocupações dos clientes foram analisados e categorizados em seis classes: nutrição pós-cirúrgica e restabelecimento das funções orgânicas; repouso pós-operatório e retorno às atividades diárias; interferência de comorbidades e fatores de risco cirúrgico; formação do cálculo e função da vesícula biliar; cirurgia/anestesia; cuidados pré-operatórios. Cabe à enfermagem e aos demais membros da equipe multiprofissional uma assistência focalizada nas necessidades do cliente, contribuindo para a qualidade e integralidade do atendimento.

All surgery brings to clients doubts and fears about the procedure and its consequences, and the nursing preoperative assistance proves vital in this period. As one of the most commonly performed surgeries in Brazil and the world.Chole cystectomy was chosen for this study to pin point the information needs of 20 clients in preoperative period,hospitalized in a surgical clinic at a public hospital in Goiânia-GO, Brazil, from June to September of 2008. Data related to the clients’ concerns were analyzed and categorized into six classes: postoperative nutrition and return of organic functions; postoperative rest and resume of daily activities; co-morbidities interference and surgical risk factors; calculi formation and gallbladder functions; surgery/anesthesia; preoperative care. It is for nurses and other multi-professional...

Las cirugías causan dudas y miedos del procedimiento quirúrgico y de sus consecuencias y, por ello, la atención preoperatoria de enfermería es fundamental. La colecistectomía ha sido escogida para este estudio por tratarse de una de las cirugías más comunes en Brasil. Se consideraron veinte pacientes internados en el preoperatorio de la clínica quirúrgica de un hospital público de Goiania - Estado de Goias, entre junio y septiembre de 2008. Se relevaron las inquietudes de tales clientes y los datos se organizaron en seis clases: nutrición pos quirúrgica y restablecimiento de las funciones orgánicas; reposo pos operatorio y retorno a las actividades diarias; interferencia de comorbidades y factores de riesgo quirúrgico; formación de cálculos y función de la vesícula biliar; cirugía/anestesia; cuidados preoperatorios.Enfermería y demás integrantes del equipo multiprofesional son los responsables de brindar servicios enfocados en las necesidades de los clientes, contribuyendo así a la calidad e integralidad de la atención.

Bactibilia e infección del sitio quirúrgico posterior a colecistectomía abierta / Bactibilia and surgical site infection after open cholecystectomy

Introducción: La bactibilia es la presencia de bacterias en bilis vesicular y está relacionada con la aparición de complicaciones sépticas y con el desarrollo de infección en herida quirúrgica de la colecistectomía. En este estudio investigamos si la bactibilia se correlaciona con infección de herida posterior a colecistectomía abierta. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de pacientes sometidos, entre enero y diciembre de 2006, a colecistectomía abierta en forma electiva por colecistitis crónica litiásica, a quienes se les realizó cultivo de bilis en el transoperatorio. Se identificaron dos grupos: con cultivo biliar negativo (grupo 1) y con cultivo biliar positivo (grupo 2). Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, resultados del cultivo, absceso, celulitis, seroma y hematoma. El análisis estadístico incluyó c2 de Pearson o prueba exacta de Fisher y t de Student. Resultados: Se estudiaron 80 pacientes (n = 40 por grupo), 24 hombres (30%) y 56 mujeres (70%), en quienes se practicó colecistectomía abierta y que contaban con cultivo biliar para el análisis. La morbilidad general fue de 42.5%. La tasa de infección del sitio quirúrgico fue de 11.25%. En el grupo 1, dos pacientes presentaron abscesos y dos celulitis; en el grupo 2, cuatro abscesos y uno celulitis. No hubo diferencia significativa al comparar la infección del sitio quirúrgico entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La presencia de bacterias en los cultivos de bilis vesicular no se correlacionó con el desarrollo de infección en herida quirúrgica posterior a colecistectomía.

BACKGROUND: Bactibilia is the presence of bacteria in gall bladder bile and may play a role in the appearance of septic complications. It has been related to increased rates of surgical site infection after cholecystectomy. In this study we investigated whether bactibilia correlates with the presence of surgical site infection after cholecystectomy. METHODS: In this observational and descriptive study we investigated those patients operated by open cholecystectomy because of chronic cholecystitis. Patients had bile culture during surgery (January-December 2006). There were two study groups: patients with negative biliary culture (group 1) and patients with positive biliary culture (group 2). Variables were age, gender, biliary culture reports, abscess, cellulitis, seroma, and hematoma. Statistical analysis included Pearson chi(2) or Fisher's exact test. For independent variables, Student t-test was used. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included (n = 40 per group). There were 24 males (30%) and 56 females (70%) who had open cholecystectomy and had biliary culture. General morbidity was 42.50% and surgical site infection rate in general was 11.25%. There were two patients with abscesses and two patients with cellulitis in group 1. There were four patients with abscesses and one patient with cellulitis in group 2. There was no statistically significant difference when comparing surgical site infection in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of bacteria in gall bladder cultures does not correlate with the development of surgical site infection after open cholecystectomy.